Tor encryption explained: how onion routing protects traffic
Learn what Tor encryption is, how onion routing works, and where Tor helps or falls short for privacy and crypto use.
TLS 1.3 Handshake Encryption Explained: How It Works and Why It Matters
Learn how TLS 1.3 handshake encryption works, which algorithms it uses, and why it matters for APIs, wallets, exchanges, and apps.
PKCS#12 Explained: Format, Security, and Real-World Uses
Learn what PKCS#12 is, how .p12/.pfx files work, what they store, and how to use them securely in enterprise and crypto systems.
PKCS#7 Explained: CMS, Padding, Uses, and Security
Learn what PKCS#7 is, how PKCS#7 padding works, where it’s used, and the security risks developers and security teams should know.
PKCS#5 Explained: PBKDF2, Padding, and Modern Security
Understand PKCS#5, PBKDF2, and PKCS5 padding, with practical guidance on AES, wallet security, and modern alternatives.
PKCS#1 Explained: RSA Padding, Signatures, and Secure Use
Understand PKCS#1, RSA padding, OAEP, and PSS. Learn where it fits in modern cryptography, PKI, and crypto infrastructure.
OFB Explained: How Output Feedback Mode Works in Cryptography
Learn what OFB is, how Output Feedback mode works, where it fits, and why modern systems often prefer authenticated encryption.
CFB Explained: Cipher Feedback Mode in Modern Cryptography
Learn what CFB is, how it works, where it fits, and when AES-CFB is useful versus newer authenticated encryption modes.
ECB in Cryptography: What It Is, Why It’s Risky, and Better Alternatives
Learn what ECB mode is, how AES-ECB works, why it leaks patterns, and when to use safer options like AES-GCM or ChaCha20-Poly1305.
CBC Explained: How Cipher Block Chaining Works, Uses, and Risks
Learn what CBC is, how Cipher Block Chaining works, where AES-CBC is used, and why IVs, padding, and authentication matter.
GCM Explained: How AES-GCM Works, Why It Matters, and Common Security Pitfalls
Learn what GCM is, how AES-GCM works, why nonce reuse is dangerous, and where GCM fits among HMAC, SHA-256, and ChaCha20-Poly1305.
CMAC Explained: How Cipher-Based Message Authentication Works
Learn what CMAC is, how AES-CMAC works, when to use it, and how it compares with HMAC, GMAC, and Poly1305.
Blake3 Explained: How BLAKE3 Works and When to Use It
Learn what Blake3 is, how it works, and when to use it instead of SHA-256 or SHA-3 in modern cryptography and blockchain systems.
Blake2 Explained: How It Works, Where It Fits, and When to Use It
Learn what Blake2 is, how it works, where it fits in cryptography, and when to choose it over SHA-256, SHA-3, HMAC, or Argon2.
SHA-1
1. SHA-1 Explained: How It Works, Why It Was Deprecated, and What to Use Instead 2. SHA-1: Definition, Security Risks, Legacy Uses, and Modern Alternatives 3. What Is SHA-1? A Clear Guide to Its Design, Weaknesses, and Replacements
X25519 Explained: How Modern Key Exchange Works
Learn what X25519 is, how it works, where it’s used, and how it compares with RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and Ed25519.
ECDSA Explained: How Elliptic Curve Digital Signatures Work
Learn what ECDSA is, how it signs data, where it is used in crypto, and the main security risks, limitations, and best practices.
Ed25519 Explained: How It Works, Why It Matters, and Where It’s Used
Learn what Ed25519 is, how it works, where it’s used, and how it compares with ECDSA, RSA, X25519, AES, and SHA-256.
Scrypt Explained: How It Works, Uses, and Security Trade-Offs
Learn what Scrypt is, how it works, where it’s used in crypto and password hashing, and how it compares with Argon2, Bcrypt, and PBKDF2.
PBKDF2 Explained: How Password-Based Key Derivation Works
Learn what PBKDF2 is, how it works, where it fits in cryptography, and when to use Argon2, Scrypt, or Bcrypt instead.
Argon2 Explained: Password Hashing, Variants, and Security Best Practices
Learn what Argon2 is, how it works, and why it matters for password hashing, wallet security, and key derivation.
Bcrypt Explained: How It Works, Security Strengths, and Best Practices
Learn how Bcrypt works, where it fits in cryptography, and when to choose it over Argon2, PBKDF2, Scrypt, or SHA-256.
Whirlpool Explained: How the 512-Bit Hash Function Works
Learn what Whirlpool is, how this 512-bit hash function works, where it fits in cryptography, and when SHA-256 or SHA-3 may be better.
RC6 Explained: How the Cipher Works, Security, and AES Comparison
Learn what RC6 is, how this block cipher works, how it compares with AES and RC5, and when it matters in modern security.
RC5 Explained: How the Cipher Works, Security, and Modern Alternatives
Learn what RC5 is, how it works, where it fits today, and when to choose AES or ChaCha20 instead.
RC4 Explained: How It Works, Why It’s Insecure, and Modern Alternatives
Learn what RC4 is, how this legacy stream cipher works, why it is no longer recommended, and which modern algorithms to use instead.
Camellia Explained: How the Cipher Works and When to Use It
Learn how Camellia encryption works, its key sizes, security tradeoffs, and how it compares with AES, Twofish, ChaCha20, and 3DES.
Serpent: What It Is, How It Works, and How It Compares to AES
Learn what Serpent is, how it works, where it fits in cryptography, and how it compares with AES, Twofish, ChaCha20, and more.
3DES Explained: How Triple DES Works, Risks, and Modern Alternatives
Learn what 3DES is, how Triple DES works, where it’s still used, its limits, and when to choose AES or ChaCha20 instead.
Triple DES Explained: How 3DES Works, Risks, and Modern Alternatives
Learn what Triple DES is, how 3DES works, why it is legacy, where it still appears, and what to use instead.